CODEX FOR FERMENTED MILKS
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to fermented milks, that is Fermented Milk including, Heat
Treated Fermented Milks, Concentrated Fermented Milks and composite milk products
based on these products, for direct consumption or further processing in conformity
with the defi nitions in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Fermented Milk is a milk product obtained by fermentation of milk, which milk
may have been manufactured from products obtained from milk with or without
compositional modifi cation as limited by the provision in Section 3.3, by the action of
suitable microorganisms and resulting in reduction of pH with or without coagulation
(iso-electric precipitation). These starter microorganisms shall be viable, active and
abundant in the product to the date of minimum durability. If the product is heattreated
after fermentation the requirement for viable microorganisms does not apply.
Certain Fermented Milks are characterized by specifi c starter culture(s) used for
fermentation as follows:
Yoghurt: Symbiotic cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus
delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.
Alternate Culture Yoghurt: Cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and any Lactobacillus species.
Acidophilus Milk: Lactobacillus acidophilus.
Kefi r: Starter culture prepared from kefi r grains, Lactobacillus kefi ri,
species of the genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus and Acetobacter
growing in a strong specifi c relationship.
Kefi r grains constitute both lactose fermenting yeasts
(Kluyveromyces marxianus) and non-lactose-fermenting yeasts
(Saccharomyces unisporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Saccharomyces exiguus).
Kumys: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Kluyveromyces
marxianus.
Other microorganisms than those constituting the specifi c starter culture(s) specifi ed
above may be added.
2.2 Concentrated Fermented Milk is a Fermented Milk the protein of which has been
increased prior to or after fermentation to minimum 5.6%. Concentrated Fermented
Milks includes traditional products such as Stragisto (strained yoghurt), Labneh, Ymer
and Ylette.
2.3 Flavoured Fermented Milks are composite milk products, as defi ned in Section 2.3 of
the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999) which contain
a maximum of 50% (m/m) of non-dairy ingredients (such as nutritive and non nutritive
FERMENTED MILKS (CODEX STAN 243-2003)
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sweeteners, fruits and vegetables as well as juices, purees, pulps, preparations and
preserves derived therefrom, cereals, honey, chocolate, nuts, coffee, spices and other
harmless natural fl avouring foods) and/or fl avours. The non-dairy ingredients can be
mixed in prior to/or after fermentation.
2.4 Drinks based on Fermented Milk are composite milk products, as defi ned in Section 2.3
of the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999), obtained by
mixing Fermented Milk as described in Section 2.1 with potable water with or without the
addition of other ingredients such as whey, other non-dairy ingredients, and fl avourings.
Drinks Based on Fermented Milk contain a minimum of 40% (m/m) fermented milk.
Other microorganisms than those constituting the specifi c starter cultures may be added.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS
3.1 Raw materials
– Milk and/or products obtained from milk.
– Potable water for the use in reconstitution or recombination.
3.2 Permitted ingredients
– Starter cultures of harmless microorganisms including those specifi ed in Section 2;
– Other suitable and harmless microorganisms (in products covered by Section 2.4);
– Sodium chloride;
– Non-dairy ingredients as listed in Section 2.3 (Flavoured Fermented Milks);
– Potable water (in products covered by Section 2.4);
– Milk and milk products (in products covered by Section 2.4);
– Gelatine and starch in:
-
fermented milks heat-treated after fermentation;
-
fl avoured fermented milk;
-
drinks based on fermented milk; and
-
plain fermented milks if permitted by national legislation in the country of sale
to the fi nal consumer;
provided they are added only in amounts functionally necessary as governed
by Good Manufacturing Practice, taking into account any use of the stabilizers/
thickeners listed in section 4. These substances may be added either before or after
adding the non-dairy ingredients.
3.3 Composition
Fermented
Milk
Yoghurt, Alternate
Culture Yoghurt and
Acidophilus milk
Kefi r Kumys
Milk protein(a) (% m/m) min. 2.7% min. 2.7% min. 2.7%
Milk fat (% m/m) less than 10% less than 15% less than 10% less than 10%
Titrable acidity,
expressed as %
lactic acid (% m/m)
min. 0.3% min. 0.6% min. 0.6% min. 0.7%
Ethanol (% vol./w) min. 0.5%
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Fermented
Milk
Yoghurt, Alternate
Culture Yoghurt and
Acidophilus milk
Kefi r Kumys
Sum of microorganisms
constituting the starter
culture defi ned in
section 2.1 (cfu/g, in
total)
min. 107 min. 107 min. 107 min. 107
Labelled
microorganisms(b)
(cfu/g, total)
min. 106 min. 106
Yeasts (cfu/g) min. 104 min. 104
(a) Protein content is 6.38 multiplied by the total Kjeldahl nitrogen determined.
(b) Applies where a content claim is made in the labelling that refers to the presence of a specifi c
microorganism (other than those specifi ed in section 2.1 for the product concerned) that has been added
as a supplement to the specifi c starter culture.
In Flavoured Fermented Milks and Drinks based on Fermented Milk the above criteria
apply to the fermented milk part. The microbiological criteria (based on the proportion
of fermented milk product) are valid up to the date of minimum durability. This
requirement does not apply to products heat-treated after fermentation.
Compliance with the microbiological criteria specifi ed above is to be verifi ed through
analytical testing of the product through to “the date of minimum durability” after
the product has been stored under the storage conditions specifi ed in the labeling.
3.4 Essential manufacturing characteristics
Whey removal after fermentation is not permitted in the manufacture of fermented
milks, except for Concentrated Fermented Milk (Section 2.2).
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those additives classes indicated in the table below may be used for the product
categories specifi ed. Within each additive class, and where permitted according to the
table, only those individual additives listed may be used and only within the limits specifi ed.
In accordance with Section 4.1 of the Preamble to the General Standard for Food
Additives (CODEX STAN 192-1995), additional additives may be present in the fl avoured
fermented milks and drinks based on fermented milk as a result of carry-over from
non-dairy ingredients.
Fermented Milks and Drinks
based on Fermented Milk
Fermented Milks Heat Treated After
Fermentation and Drinks based on
Fermented Milk Heat Treated After
Fermentation
Additive class Plain Flavoured Plain Flavoured
Acidity regulators − X X X
Carbonating agents X(b) X(b) X(b) X(b)
Colours − X − X
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Fermented Milks and Drinks
based on Fermented Milk
Fermented Milks Heat Treated After
Fermentation and Drinks based on
Fermented Milk Heat Treated After
Fermentation
Additive class Plain Flavoured Plain Flavoured
Emulsifi ers − X − X
Flavour enhancers − X − X
Packaging gases − X X X
Preservatives − − − X
Stabilizers X(a) X X X
Sweeteners − X − X
Thickeners X(a) X X X
(a) Use is restricted to reconstitution and recombination and if permitted by national legislation
in the country of sale to the fi nal consumer.
(b) Use of carbonating agents is technologically justifi ed in Drinks based on Fermented Milk only.
X The use of additives belonging to the class is technologically justifi ed. In the case of fl avoured products
the additives are technologically justifi ed in the dairy portion.
− The use of additives belonging to the class is not technologically justifi ed
Acidity regulators, colours, emulsifi ers, packaging gases and preservatives listed in Table
3 of the General Standard for Food Additives (CODEX STAN 192-1995) are acceptable
for use in fermented milk products categories as specifi ed in the table above.
INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
Acidity regulators
334 Tartaric acid L(+)-
2 000 mg/kg as tartaric acid
335(i) Monosodium tartrate
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate
355 Adipic acid
1 500 mg/kg as adipic acid
356 Sodium adipate
357 Potassium adipate
359 Ammonium adipate
Carbonating agents
290 Carbon dioxide GMP
Colours
100(i) Curcumin 100 mg/kg
101(i) Ribofl avin, synthetic
300 mg/kg
101(ii) Ribofl avin 5’-phosphate, sodium
102 Tartrazine 300 mg/kg
104 Quinoline yellow 150 mg/kg
110 Sunset yellow FCF 300 mg/kg
120 Carmines 150 mg/kg
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INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) 150 mg/kg
124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) 150 mg/kg
129 Allura red AC 300 mg/kg
132 Indigotine 100 mg/kg
133 Brilliant blue FCF 150 mg/kg
141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes
500 mg/kg
141(ii) Chlorophyllins, copper complexes,
sodium and potassium salts
143 Fast green FCF 100 mg/kg
150b Caramel II – sulfi te caramel 150 mg/kg
150c Caramel III – ammonia caramel 2 000 mg/kg
150d Caramel IV – sulfi te ammonia caramel 2 000 mg/kg
151 Brilliant black (Black PN) 150 mg/kg
155 Brown HT 150 mg/kg
160a(i) Carotene, beta-, synthetic
100 mg/kg
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’-
160f Carotenoic acid, methyl or ethyl ester,
beta-apo-8’-
160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora
160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable 600 mg/kg
160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based 20 mg/kg as bixin
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based 20 mg/kg as norbixin
160d Lycopenes 30 mg/kg as pure lycopene
161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta 150 mg/kg
161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic 150 mg/kg
163(ii) Grape skin extract 100 mg/kg
172(i) Iron oxide, black
172(ii) Iron oxide, red 100 mg/kg
172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow
Emulsifi ers
432 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
3 000 mg/kg
433 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
434 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan
monopalmitate
435 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate
436 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate
472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of
glycerol 10 000 mg/kg
473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg
474 Sucroglycerides 5 000 mg/kg
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 2 000 mg/kg
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate 10 000 mg/kg
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate 10 000 mg/kg
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INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
491 Sorbitan monostearate
5 000 mg/kg
492 Sorbitan tristearate
493 Sorbitan monolaurate
494 Sorbitan monooleate
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate
900a Polydimethylsiloxane 50 mg/kg
Flavour enhancers
580 Magnesium gluconate GMP
620 Glutamic acid, (L+)- GMP
621 Monosodium L-glutamate GMP
622 Monopotassium L-glutamate GMP
623 Calcium di-L-glutamate GMP
624 Monoammonium L-glutamate GMP
625 Magnesium di-L-glutamate GMP
626 Guanylic acid, 5’- GMP
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate- GMP
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate- GMP
629 Calcium 5’-guanylate GMP
630 Inosinic acid, 5’- GMP
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate GMP
632 Dipotassium 5’-inosinate GMP
633 Calcium 5’-inosinate GMP
634 Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides- GMP
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides- GMP
636 Maltol GMP
637 Ethyl maltol GMP
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
1 000 mg/kg as sorbic acid
201 Sodium sorbate
202 Potassium sorbate
203 Calcium sorbate
210 Benzoic acid
300 mg/kg as benzoic acid
211 Sodium benzoate
212 Potassium benzoate
213 Calcium benzoate
234 Nisin 500 mg/kg
Stabilizers and Thickeners
170(i) Calcium carbonate GMP
331(iii) Trisodium citrate GMP
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INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
338 Phosphoric acid
1 000 mg/kg, singly or in
combination, as phosphorus
339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate
340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate
341(i) Monocalcium dihydrogen phosphate
341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate
341(iii) Tricalcium orthophosphate
342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate
343(i) Monomagnesium phosphate
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate
450(i) Disodium diphosphate
450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate
450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate
450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate
451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate
542 Bone phosphate
400 Alginic acid GMP
401 Sodium alginate GMP
402 Potassium alginate GMP
403 Ammonium alginate GMP
404 Calcium alginate GMP
405 Propylene glycol alginate GMP
406 Agar GMP
407 Carrageenan GMP
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) GMP
410 Carob bean gum GMP
412 Guar gum GMP
413 Tragacanth gum GMP
414 Gum Arabic (Acacia gum) GMP
415 Xanthan gum GMP
416 Karaya gum GMP
417 Tara gum GMP
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INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
418 Gellan gum GMP
425 Konjac fl our GMP
440 Pectins GMP
459 Cyclodextrin, -beta 5 mg/kg
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) GMP
460(ii) Powdered cellulose GMP
461 Methyl cellulose GMP
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose GMP
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose GMP
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose GMP
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
(Cellulose gum) GMP
467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose GMP
468 Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose (Cross-linked cellulose gum) GMP
469
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,
enzymatically hydrolyzed (Cellulose
gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed)
GMP
470(i)
Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids
with ammonia, calcium, potassium and
sodium
GMP
470(ii) Salts of oleic acid with calcium,
potassium and sodium GMP
471 Mono- and di- glycerides of fatty acids GMP
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol GMP
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol GMP
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol GMP
508 Potassium chloride GMP
509 Calcium chloride GMP
511 Magnesium chloride GMP
1200 Polydextrose GMP
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch GMP
1401 Acid treated starch GMP
1402 Alkaline treated starch GMP
1403 Bleached starch GMP
1404 Oxidized starch GMP
1405 Starches, enzyme treated GMP
1410 Mono starch phosphate GMP
1412 Distarch phosphate GMP
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate GMP
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate GMP
1420 Starch acetate GMP
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate GMP
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch GMP
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate GMP
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate GMP
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch GMP
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INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
Sweeteners(a)
420 Sorbitol GMP
421 Mannitol GMP
950 Acesulfame potassium 350 mg/kg
951 Aspartame 1 000 mg/kg
952 Cyclamates 250 mg/kg
953 Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose) GMP
954 Saccharin 100 mg/kg
955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) 400 mg/kg
956 Alitame 100 mg/kg
961 Neotame 100 mg/kg
962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt 350 mg/kg on an acesulfame
potassium equivalent basis
964 Polyglycitol syrup GMP
965 Maltitols GMP
966 Lactitol GMP
967 Xylitol GMP
968 Erythritol GMP
(a) The use of sweeteners is limited to milk-and milk derivative-based products energy reduced
or with no added sugar.
5. CONTAMINANTS
The products covered by this Standard shall comply with the Maximum Levels
for contaminants that are specifi ed for the product in the General Standard for
Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds (CODEX STAN 193-1995).
The milk used in the manufacture of the products covered by this Standard shall
comply with the Maximum Levels for contaminants and toxins specifi ed for milk by the
General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds (CODEX STAN 193-
1995) and with the maximum residue limits for veterinary drug residues and pesticides
established for milk by the CAC.
6. HYGIENE
It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be
prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the General
Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), the Code of Hygienic Practice for
Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57-2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as
Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice. The products should comply with
any microbiological criteria established in accordance with the Principles for the
Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997).
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7. LABELLING
In addition to the provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) and the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms
(CODEX STAN 206-1999), the following specifi c provisions apply:
7.1 Name of the food
7.1.1 The name of the products covered by sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, shall be fermented milk
or concentrated fermented milk as appropriate.
However, these names may be replaced by the designations Yoghurt, Acidophilus Milk,
Kefi r, Kumys, Stragisto, Labneh, Ymer and Ylette, provided that the product complies
with the specifi c provisions of this Standard. Yoghurt may be spelled as appropriate in
the country of retail sale.
“Alternate culture yoghurt”, as defi ned in Section 2, shall be named through the use of
an appropriate qualifi er in conjunction with the word “yoghurt”. The chosen qualifi er
shall describe, in a way that is accurate and not misleading to the consumer, the nature
of the change imparted to the yoghurt through the selection of the specifi c Lactobacilli
in the culture for manufacturing the product. Such change may include a marked
difference in the fermentation organisms, metabolites and/or sensory properties of the
product when compared to the product designated solely as “yoghurt”. Examples of
qualifi ers which describe differences in sensory properties include terms such as “mild”
and “tangy”. The term “alternate culture yoghurt” shall not apply as a designation.
The above specifi c terms may be used in connection with the term “frozen” provided
(i) that the product submitted to freezing complies with the requirements in this
Standard, (ii) that the specifi c starter cultures can be reactivated in reasonable numbers
by thawing, and (iii) that the frozen product is named as such and is sold for direct
consumption, only.
Other fermented milks and concentrated fermented milks may be designated with
other variety names as specifi ed in the national legislation of the country in which the
product is sold, or names existing by common usage, provided that such designations
do not create an erroneous impression in the country of retail sale regarding the
character and identity of the food.
7.1.2 Products obtained from fermented milk(s) heat treated after fermentation shall be
named “Heat Treated Fermented Milk”. If the consumer would be misled by this name,
the products shall be named as permitted by national legislation in the country of retail
sale. In countries where no such legislation exists, or no other names are in common
usage, the product shall be named “Heat Treated Fermented Milk”.
7.1.3 The designation of Flavoured Fermented Milks shall include the name of the principal
fl avouring substance(s) or fl avour(s) added.
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16
7.1.4 The name of the products defi ned in Section 2.4 shall be drinks based on fermented milk
or may be designated with other variety names as allowed in the national legislation
of the country in which the product is sold. In particular, water added as an ingredient
to fermented milk shall be declared in the list of ingredients1 and the percentage of
fermented milk used (m/m) shall clearly appear on the label. When fl avoured, the
designation shall include the name of the principal fl avouring substance(s) or fl avour(s)
7.1.5 Fermented milks to which only nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners have been added, may
be labeled as “sweetened ______”, the blank being replaced by the term “Fermented
Milk” or another designation as specifi ed in Section 7.1.1 and 7.1.4. If non-nutritive
sweeteners are added in partial or total substitution to sugar, the mention “sweetened
with ______” or “sugared and sweetened with ______” should appear close to the name
of the product, the blank being fi lled in with the name of the artifi cial sweeteners.
7.1.6 The names covered by this Standard may be used in the designation, on the label, in
commercial documents and advertising of other foods, provided that it is used as an
ingredient and that the characteristics of the ingredient are maintained to a relevant
degree in order not to mislead the consumer.
7.2 Declaration of fat content
If the consumer would be mislead by the omission, the milk fat content shall be
declared in a manner acceptable in the country of sale to the fi nal consumer, either as
(i) a percentage of mass or volume, or (ii) in grams per serving as qualifi ed in the label,
provided that the number of servings is stated.
7.3 Labelling of non-retail containers
Information required in Section 7 of this Standard and Sections 4.1 to 4.8 of the General
Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods, and, if necessary, storage instructions,
shall be given either on the container or in accompanying documents, except that the
name of the product, lot identifi cation, and the name and address of the manufacturer
or packer, shall appear on the container. However, lot identifi cation and the name and
address of the manufacturer or packager may be replaced by an identifi cation mark,
provided that such mark is clearly identifi able with the accompanying documents.
8. METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
See CODEX STAN 234-1999.